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Joint replacement surgery is becoming increasingly popular globally and recently,in India. The phenomenon of medical tourism has also contributed to increasing number of arthroplasty surgeries being done every year in our country. The surgeons who work in this highly specialized field of orthopedic surgery, have been publishing their research work in reputed journals. In this paper, we have discussed the most cited Indian papers in the field of arthroplasty. It was observed that publications in high impact and reputed journals attract more citations and therefore it is recommended that the ‘good’ scientific research work should preferably be submitted to these journals to create greater impact and awareness about ones’ research.
Citation frequency of a paper indicates the influence it exerts in any area of research. Several articles have been written recently on the most influential papers in the field of science in general,
In this bibliometric analysis, we attempted to find the top 10 most cited Indian papers in the field of arthroplasty and joint replacement surgery; using Web of Science and SCOPUS databases, besides PubMed and general Internet search (including Google scholar). The papers presented in this study may serve as a list of Indian articles useful for orthopedic surgery postgraduate residents and fellows in arthroplasty. This list inspires us about how and what kind of research work can be carried out in the area of joint replacement surgery, working within relatively constrained socio-economic, cultural and managerial scenario which is unique to one’s country and to achieve excellence with limited resources. Focused study of these papers may also give some insights on what makes a paper important to global peers, and also help in writing such articles in future.
2. Methods
Citation databases, including Web of Science and SCOPUS, were searched using the following key terms and search strategy: India* AND (arthroplasty OR hip replacement OR knee replacement OR ankle replacement OR shoulder replacement OR elbow replacement OR wrist replacement); in the month of April 2017.The search was further refined to include only papers published in the English language from India in the years 2006 till date. We ranked and arranged the papers according to the number of citations received during this period. The top 10 papers in the field of joint replacement, which were based on research conducted entirely in India, were manually selected and the full texts were retrieved. The final ranking of top 10 papers was done according to the number of citations mentioned in SCOPUS, as this citation database has broader coverage as compared to Web of Science.
We have also checked the search strategy and the number of citations received by these papers in Google Scholar, which is a free citation database with very broad coverage; but did not use it for finding influential papers because of inadequate quality control. Several inaccuracies reported in Google Scholar- like content gaps, incorrect citation counts, duplication and manipulation of citation numbers’ make its reliability questionable.
Finally, we have also checked citations in the free full-text database Pubmed Central, but despite consistency, it has little utility as it covers only journals, which provide free full texts for it. The methodology of paper selection adopted by us has been explained comprehensively in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1Chart showing the methodology of selecting papers.
The search was done, as described earlier, in the Web of Science and in SCOPUS databases in the month of April 2017. From the Web of Science, 714 papers and from SCOPUS, 1591 papers were collected. (Fig. 1) There is a growing trend in the number of papers published in the field of arthroplasty from India over the past several years (Fig. 2). We also analyzed the number of papers by different authors and papers coming from various institutions on the SCOPUS citation database. These papers were then arranged according to the quantum of citations received during this period, in both the databases and then we manually selected top 10 articles, which were based on research conducted in India and relevant to the field of arthroplasty (Table 1). We preferred SCOPUS for final ranking as it has relatively broader coverage. Out of these papers, ten most cited, Indian papers were selected, as already explained.
Fig. 2Trend line showing number of arthroscopy papers published from India in the last 10 years as analysed in SCOPUS.
Comparison of Limb and Component Alignment Using Computer-Assisted Navigation versus Image Intensifier-Guided Conventional Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Surgeon Study of 467 Knees
Comparison of limb and component alignment using computer-assisted navigation versus image intensifier–guided conventional total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, single-surgeon study of 467 knees.
Most papers (8) were from private institutes, though some (2) were from government institutions in this group (Fig. 3A). All of these papers were published in high impact journals in arthroplasty and related fields. One paper each was published in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research; International Orthopaedics; Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, and Arthroscopy; and Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology; two in Journal of Bone and Joint surgery (British volume,now renamed as the Bone and Joint Journal); and four papers in Journal of Arthroplasty. (Fig. 3B). All of these articles have been widely cited by authors from many different countries and in high impact orthopedic journals, including several citing papers which have themselves received many citations in this short time span; reflecting the world wide influence of these papers on the subject of arthroplasty.
Fig. 3A. Pie chart showing distribution of top 10 arthroplasty papers from India according to type of institution (public/private sector),B. Pie chart showing distribution of top 10 arthroplasty papers from India according to journal of publication, and C. Bar graph showing Level of evidence verus average number of citations received on SCOPUS.
The top ten Indian arthroplasty articles were based on studies at different levels of evidence in the hierarchy, including Randomised controlled trial (level 1- four papers), Therapeutic study (level 2-one paper), Prospective comparative study (level 2-one paper), Observational study or case series (level 4- three papers), Broad narrative review (level 5-one paper).Citations received by these papers at different levels of evidence have been demonstrated in Fig. 3C.
4. Discussion
Bibliometrics is the science and art of citation analysis i.e. the study of citation pattern of published data. Citation is a marker of the importance given by the author of a paper to others' work on a particular topic.
Some other important problems related to citations include self-citation, preference to cite articles in the target journal, preferential citation of English language articles, and unaccounted (missing) textbook and conference citations.
Recently published articles are at a disadvantage (citation counts tend to rise with time). Authors are also more likely to cite a previously well-cited article due to its previous citations, rather than for its intrinsic quality (snowball effect).
‘Obliteration by incorporation’ is said to happen when truly classic papers are cited less as they merge into the body of current knowledge. Sometimes, such truly classic papers now only exist in the bibliography of so-called top-cited papers. ‘Incomplete citing’ means erroneous citations, made just to convince or persuade the reader, rather than to give credit to original or important workers. Self-citation, journal bias, in-house bias, omission bias (not citing competitors), powerful person bias, national bias, state or institutional bias, and language bias also confound the overall picture.
was a prospective randomized controlled trial by Minar et al. to find effective regimen(s) of tranexamic acid in total knee replacement (TKR). 206 consecutive patients with knee osteoarthritis planned for primary, unilateral TKR were prospectively enrolled in the study. Five regimens were studied (4 intravenous, and 1 local; 40 cases each) along with a control group. Intravenous regimens (10-mg/kg dosage) included (A) intraoperative dose (IO) prior to tourniquet deflation, (B) extra preoperative dose (POIO), (C) extra postoperative dose (IOPO), and (D) all 3 doses i.e., preoperative-intraoperative-postoperative (POIOPO). The last regimen consisted of local application only. This local application reduced blood loss, as compared to control, but a single intravenous intraoperative (IO) dose could not. The two-dose regimen (POIO) was the least frequency needed for effectiveness − a reduced of drain output and total blood loss. IOPO regimen was not effective. POIOPO regimen had the maximum benefit.
by Prasad et al. analyses the risk factors for blood loss in TKR. Factors (like-sex, etiology, tourniquet time and Quilet index) affecting the peri-operative and hidden blood loss, besides blood component replacement need in primary cemented TKR(single surgeon) were prospectively studied in 66 consecutive patients. Apparent blood loss was calculated by adding blood loss during surgery- calculated by weighing the sponges used during surgery and measurement of blood in the suction bottle and post-operative drain output at 48 h. Males had significantly more blood loss. Blood loss between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis cases was not significantly different; but, need for blood replacement was greater in rheumatoid cases as they had low hemoglobin prior to surgery. Duration of tourniquet application and of surgery, both were positively correlated with peri-operative blood loss, but body mass index did not significantly affect blood loss in this series. Hidden blood loss, estimated by the difference between estimated blood loss (calculated by Gross formula − based on maximum post- operative decrease in hemoglobin adjusted for the height and weight) and apparent blood loss, was about 38%.
Aggarwal et al. is case series with clinic-radiological study of 395 hips, analyzing alendronate usage for the treatment femoral head osteonecrosis. All cases had received 10 mg alendronate daily following usual precautions, for 3 years along with 500 mg to 1000 mg of calcium and 400 IU to 800 IU of vitamin D3.On average 4 years follow up, it improved clinical function, reduced collapse rate, and the requirement for total hip replacement (THR) particularly if the treatment was begun in the pre-collapse stage. Even in Fiat stage-II and III hips, THR was delayed.
Comparison of limb and component alignment using computer-assisted navigation versus image intensifier–guided conventional total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, single-surgeon study of 467 knees.
by Mullaji et al. is a randomized trial reporting improvement in limb and component alignment on using computer-assisted navigation as compared to preoperative scanogram (to individualize distal femoral valgus cut) and image intensifier(to identify hip and tallar dome centers) − guided TKR. But, for knees exceeding 20° varus, there was no significant difference between the mean mechanical axes in the two groups.
by Mullaji et al., shows effectiveness of periarticular injection of a cocktail of bupivacaine (a long-acting local anesthetic providing more sensory than motor blockade), fentanyl (an opioid with 100 times more potency than morphine), and methylprednisolone (an intermediate-acting corticosteroid), by comparison of quadriceps function, knee flexion, and pain scores just after surgery, postoperative day one, at discharge, and two and four weeks after surgery in infiltrated and the non infiltrated knees (side randomised) in 40 cases of bilateral simultaneous navigated TKR.The infiltrated knees had superior quadriceps recovery for up to 2 weeks, along with greater active flexion, and lower pain scores for up to 4 weeks after TKR.
is a randomized trial evaluating intra-articular tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss in primary TKR, with 50 patients each in intervention and control groups. The surgical stress of TKR and intra-operative pneumatic thigh tourniquet increase local fibrinolysis, which significantly contributes to postoperative blood loss. Tranexamic acid inhibits fibrinolysis at the site of active bleeding and clot formation and not in the general systemic circulation. Thus, there is no increased risk of deep vein thrombosis or thromboembolism, despite some theoretical concerns. Effectiveness of locally administered intra-articular tranexamic acid for reduction of blood loss and need for transfusion were demonstrated
by Das and Farooqi is a broad narrative review on osteoarthritis. Major risk factors are age, female gender, obesity (100% amongst elderly with BMI more than 40), geographic factors {endemic osteoarthritis- e.g. Kashin–Beck’s disease in China, Hip osteoarthritis (Handigodu disease-HJD) in Shimoga district western Karnataka (India), and Mseleni disease-MJD in Northern Zululand, South Africa; are all related to spondylo-epiphysial dysplasia, in spite of being present in localized geographical areas}, physical labor, occupational knee-bending, joint trauma, genetic factors, chondrocalcinosis and vitamin D deficiency. Osteoarthritis of hip is uncommon in developing Asian countries, but this is not related to frequency of hip dysplasia, which has same prevalence in east and west. Osteoarthritis causes joint pain (worsening with weight bearing and activity), stiffness (morning stiffness or after inactivity − gelling), and functional limitation of joint. The commonest is knee involvement, followed by that of hand, hip, and cervical and lumbar spine. Treatment needs multidisciplinary case based approach. Different modalities including physical exercises (including but not limited to quadriceps strengthening), yoga, orthotic devices (e.g. valgus knee brace), walking aids, thermal modalities, drugs like paracetamol, NSAID, tramadol, diacerin, colchicine, and neutracuticals like glucosamine, intraarticular injections-corticosteroids and hyaline, and at last surgical options like arthroplasty and osteotomies have been discussed.
by Mullaji et al. is a series on computer-assisted TKR for arthritis with paraarticular deformity. They studied 22 femoral and 18 tibial deformities in 34 cases. Usually, both soft tissue balance and alignment can be assured in TKR by suitable bony resections within the joint and soft tissue releases, if the deformity is within the joint. However, in cases with significant deformities or deformities outside the joint, one may create imbalance of collateral ligaments by using only intra-articular bony resections and wide soft tissue releases, and may therefore be forced to use constrained implants. To avoid this, one may do extra-articular osteotomy at the apex of the deformity; when big distal femoral or proximal tibial bony cuts may damage the collateral ligament insertions or lead to difficulties in gap balancing. In this study, for femoral deformities, the planned distal femoral cut was drawn a perpendicular to the mechanical axis of the femur, on standing whole limb x rays (scanogram). An extra articular corrective osteotomy can be properly done using navigation. Tibial osteotomy (relatively easier) was performed in three cases, but femoral osteotomy (more problematic) was not needed in any case. Due to wide distal femoral medulla, intramedullary stems only may not stabilize the osteotomy. Additional plate may be necessary. Alternatively, one may proceed stage wise, doing corrective osteotomy using a plate or intramedullary nail in first stage followed by TKR in the second stage. But, correction of the deformity at intraarticular level needs an extensive release, and thus create a larger flexion gap. Upsizing the femoral component may help in gap balancing—navigation software may help in planning femoral component size, anteroposterior translation and flexion-extension. Early results were satisfactory. Long-term follow-up is needed for further validation.
by Mullaji et al. compares coronal femoral axes in Asian patients with varus knee osteoarthritis with those in normal knees. Femoral axes were measured on scanograms in 250 limbs in cases with varus knee osteoarthritis and 50 normal controls. Mean angle between distal femoral axis and mechanical axis was 7.3° ± 1.6°.Mean femoral bow was 3.6° ± 2.5° in patients (significantly higher) compared to 5.5° ± 0.8° and 0.4° ± 1.2° in controls, respectively. Significantly lower femoral condylar-mechanical axis angle was there in osteoarthritic knees (89.9° ± 2.8°) as compared to that in controls (93.1° ± 1.6°).Varus had significant correlation with femoral bowing. Several Asian cases are deficient in vitamin D and calcium resulting in osteomalacia and osteoporosis, which may lead to femoral bowing. If the bowing happens due to varus angulation at the knee associated with medial compartmental collapse or whether slight bowing from a young age and associated medial compartment overload leads to arthritis is a matter of further investigation in the form of longitudinal radiological studies. Limbs with osteoarthritis (18.8%) had more than 9° distal femoral axis- mechanical axis angle. Coronal mechanical axis restoration to within 3° of normal in TKR is leads to reduced loosening and longer survival of prosthesis.
is a, randomized, controlled prospective study in Asian patients comparing single-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty with a double-stage procedure. Out of total 168 cases in the study, 83 had a single-stage and 85 had a double stage procedure. In one stage operation as the skin closure with staples was begun on the first hip, the second assistant unscrubbed and then scrubbed with a separate nurse for the other hip. The time elapsed between last skin staple on the first hip to the skin incision on the second hip was 15 to 20 min. The operating time, intraoperative blood loss, and any intraoperative complications were recorded. In the one-stage group the operating time was calculated as the time between the induction of anesthesia and skin closure on the second hip, and in staged procedures as the sum of the time between the induction of anesthesia and skin closure in each operation. Age, gender, etiology, pre-operative hemoglobin, ASA status, preoperative limb-length discrepancy and the HHS, and complications in the early postoperative period were not significantly different between the two groups. Estimated total blood loss was lower in patients undergoing a one-stage procedure, but the transfusion requirements were significantly higher. Authors conclude that single-stage bilateral THA is as safe as a two-stage procedure in patients in ASA grade 1 and grade 2 and probably also in grade 3 and 4. Also, the length of hospital stay was reduced in the one-stage procedure leading to lesser costs.
Is continuous adductor canal block better than continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty? Effect on ambulation ability, early functional recovery and pain control: a randomized controlled trial.
, by Shah et al., a randomised trial comparing continuous femoral nerve block with adductor canal block post TKR also had a similar number of citations (37 times) in SCOPUS. Femoral nerve block provides nice analgesia, but at the cost of reducing quadriceps strength, and therefore leads to a higher risk of fall. Adductor canal block is nearly purely sensory, and quadriceps muscle strength is minimally affected (some portion of vastus medialis is affected due to seepage of the local anesthetic agent). 100 patients were prospectively randomized into two groups, receiving femoral and continuous adductor canal blocks. Ambulation ability (timed up go, 10-m walk, 30 s chair test), time to active straight leg raise, quad sticks, staircase competency, and ambulation distance were significantly better in adductor canal group whereas pain scores and opioid need were not significantly different.
Some well cited papers written earlier may be mentioned. The paper by Bhan et al.
Comparison of limb and component alignment using computer-assisted navigation versus image intensifier–guided conventional total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, single-surgeon study of 467 knees.
Is continuous adductor canal block better than continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty? Effect on ambulation ability, early functional recovery and pain control: a randomized controlled trial.
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